It's hard to keep up, day to day, with the atrocities that Russian President Vladimir Putin is committing in Ukraine. He has violated internationally recognized tenets of both Just War Theory (Jus ad Bellem -- the justification for war) and the Laws of War (Jus in Bello -- just conduct in war).
Just War Theory
According to Just War Theory, to be justified, a war must meet the following criteria:
1. Comparative justice: The injustice suffered by one party must significantly outweigh that suffered by the other.
2. Legitimate authority: Only duly constituted public authorities may use deadly force or wage war.
3. Right intention: Force may be used only in a truly just cause and solely for that purpose; correcting a suffered wrong is considered a right intention, while material gain or maintaining economies is not.
4. Probability of success: Arms may not be used in a futile cause or in a case where disproportionate measures are required to achieve success.
5. Proportionality: The overall destruction expected from the use of force must be outweighed by the good to be achieved.
6. Last resort: Force may be used only after all peaceful and viable alternatives have been seriously tried and exhausted.
Anyone who has even casually observed what is happening in Ukraine would find it difficult to justify this war on any one of these points.
The Laws of War
The Laws of War are governed by, for example, by the Geneva Conventions. On its "War and Law" page, the International Committee of the Red Cross provides detailed information about the Laws of War and offers this summary: "International humanitarian law is a set of rules that seek to limit the effects of armed conflict. It protects people who are not or are no longer participating in hostilities and restricts the means and methods of warfare."
War Crimes
On March 15, the U.S. Senate unanimously passed a resolution condemning Putin as a war criminal in what Reuters called "a rare show of unity in the deeply divided Congress." More recently, Radio Free Europe reports that the U.S. military has "accused Russian forces of committing war crimes in their bloody invasion of Ukraine."
Atrocities committed in Ukraine include bombing hospitals and maternity wards and using cluster bombs on a preschool.
Russian Disinformation Campaigns
Long ago, U.S. intelligence services defined the seven components of Soviet (now Russian) disinformation campaigns:
1. Look for divisions in the target society (economic, demographic, linguistic, ethnic, etc.) that you can exploit.
2. Create a big, bold lie -- something so outrageous that no one could possibly believe it was made up.
3. Wrap that lie around a kernel of truth. (As Ben Franklin said, "Half the truth is often a great lie.")
4. Conceal your hand, making it seem like the story came from somewhere else. (Compare, for example, the third-party technique common in marketing and public relations.)
5. Find a "useful idiot," someone who will unwittingly take the message and push it into the target audience.
6. If your disinformation is exposed, deny, deny, deny.
7. Play the long game; eventually, your efforts will have an impact, like the steady drip of water on a rock.
In the 1980s, the Soviet KGB used these techniques in "Operation INFEKTION" to convince much of the world, including many Americans, that the United States had developed HIV/AIDS as part of a biological-weapons program.
Vladimir Putin joined the KGB in 1975 and served there until 1991 when the Soviet Union was dissolved. In 1998, he was appointed to the Federal Security Service (FSB), the KGB’s successor, where he briefly served as director. He is well versed in disinformation campaigns, which he has employed in attempting to justify his invasion of Ukraine.
For example, Putin has claimed that the purpose of the invasion was to "de-nazify" Ukraine. Odd, then, that the journal Foreign Policy reports, "Hours after Russian President Vladimir Putin offered 'denazification' as a flimsy pretext for his invasion of Ukraine, Russian missiles hit the Jewish hub of Uman, Ukraine."
Putin has also claimed that Western governments are funding biological-warfare research in Ukraine. In fact, the highly regarded journal Science reports, "In 2020, German researchers began to collaborate with Ukrainian colleagues to survey bat parasites, mostly bloodsuckers such as ticks and fleas. They wanted to know what kinds of bacteria the bats in Ukraine harbored -- a first step in identifying any potential threats to human health."
What you can do:
1. Join: Yoopers for Ukraine facebook.com/groups/yoopers.for.ukraine.
2. March: See Yoopers for Ukraine’s Facebook page for details.***
3. Donate: See Charity Navigator’s list of "highly rated charities involved in humanitarian relief, recovery, and peace-building efforts" in Ukraine.
4. Watch: The Netflix documentary Winter on Fire: Ukraine’s Fight for Freedom (also available on YouTube), which documents the 2014 betrayal of Ukraine’s European-Union aspirations by pro-Russian President Viktor Yanukovych and Ukraine’s consequent Revolution of Dignity. In this struggle, despite much bloodshed, the Ukrainian people finally prevailed, and Yanukovych fled to Russia. The current war might be seen as the most recent stage of this conflict.
5. Read: The Gates of Europe: A History of Ukraine (2015).
6. Write: To your elected representatives, urging them to support Ukraine. For contact information, see the League of Women Voters of the Copper Country’s "Your government Officials Pocket Guide."
Several weeks ago, I was carrying a sign that said "Stand with Ukraine," and someone asked me if I was Ukrainian. I was born in the USA; and my ancestors are from England, Scotland, and Ireland. But a threat to democracy anywhere is a threat to democracy everywhere, so today, everyone who stands for democracy is Ukrainian.****
Editor's Notes:
* Craig Waddell, author of this article, is a retired Michigan Tech professor whose research focused on risk communication and public participation. He’s also the former president of the West Houghton Neighborhood Association, which worked on parks, walkability, ageing in place and related issues. He’s a candidate for the May 3 election for the Houghton City Council. You can reach him at rcraigwaddell@gmail.com
** See our video interview with Craig Waddell and his wife, Victoria Bergvall, in Keweenaw Now's March 19, 2022, article, "Supporters of Ukraine continue Walks for World Peace on Lift Bridge."
*** UPDATE: Because of weather, the next Walk for Ukraine will be at 5 p.m. Friday, April 1. Meet on Houghton side of Portage Lift Bridge. Expect fresh snow and dress accordingly. Families welcome.
**** The text of this article originally appeared in The Daily Mining Gazette on March 26, 2022, in their Opinion Column section.
